Encephalopathy (infantile)
- Article
- 2021-03-09
Encephalopathy is a term for any diffuse brain disease that changes brain function or structure. Encephalopathy can be caused by an infectious agent (bacteria, virus or prion), metabolic or mitochondrial dysfunction, brain tumor or increased pressure in the skull, prolonged exposure to toxic elements (including solvents, drugs, radiation, paint, industrial chemicals and certain metals) , chronic progressive trauma, poor nutrition or lack of oxygen or blood supply to the brain. The hallmark of encephalopathy is an altered mental state. Depending on the type and severity of encephalopathy, common neurological symptoms include progressive loss of memory and cognitive ability, subtle personality changes, inability to concentrate, lethargy, and progressive loss of consciousness. Other neurological symptoms may include myoclonus (involuntary twitching or muscle group), nystagmus (rapid, involuntary eye movement), tremor, muscle atrophy and weakness, dementia, seizures, and loss of the ability to swallow or speak. Blood tests, spinal fluid tests, imaging studies, electroencephalograms, and similar diagnostic tests can be used to distinguish the different causes of encephalopathy.
Therapy
Treatment is symptomatic and varies depending on the type and severity of the encephalopathy. Your doctor can provide specific instructions for proper care and treatment. Anticonvulsants can be prescribed to reduce or stop any seizures. Changes in diet and nutritional supplements can help some patients. In severe cases, dialysis or organ replacement surgery may be required.
Prognosis
Treating the underlying cause of the condition can improve symptoms. However, the encephalopathy can cause permanent structural changes and irreversible damage to the brain. Some encephalopathies can be deadly.
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