Dystonias

• Article
• 2021-03-09

Dystonias are movement disorders in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. The movements, which are involuntary and sometimes painful, can affect a single muscle; a group of muscles such as those in the arms, legs, or neck; or the whole body. Early symptoms may include deterioration in handwriting, foot cramps, or a dragging foot after a long run or walk. Other possible symptoms include tremor and problems with voice or speech. About half of dystonia cases are unrelated to disease or injury and are referred to as primary or idiopathic dystonia. Many cases of primary dystonias appear to be hereditary. Dystonias can also be symptoms of other diseases, some of which can be hereditary. Dystonia can occur at any age but is often described as early or childhood.

Therapy

No treatment has proven universally effective. Instead, doctors use a variety of therapies (drugs, surgeries, and other treatments such as physical therapy, splints, stress management, and biofeedback) that aim to reduce or eliminate muscle spasms and pain. Because the response to medications varies from person to person and even person to person over time, the most effective therapy is often individualized.

Prognosis

The first symptoms can be very mild and can only be noticeable after prolonged exercise, stress or fatigue. Dystonias often go through different stages. Initially, dystonic movements are interrupted and only appear during voluntary movements or stress. Later, individuals may exhibit dystonic postures and movements while walking and eventually even when relaxed. Dystonic movements can lead to permanent physical deformities due to shortening of tendons.

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