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CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) is an inherited form of cerebrovascular disease that occurs when the thickening of the blood vessel walls blocks blood flow to the brain. The disease mainly affects small blood vessels in the white matter of the brain. A mutation in the Notch3 gene ...
read moreA Campylobacter infection is a form of food poisoning caused by bacteria commonly found in raw or undercooked poultry, raw milk, and inadequately treated water sources. This infection can lead to symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to severe intestinal inflammation. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments of a Campylobacter infectio...
read moreHair loss, a concern that affects both men and women, has long been the subject of scientific research. Although it is more common in men, anyone can suffer from it. Thanks to in-depth research, we can now understand hair loss from different perspectives, as shown in a recent analysis^1^. Understanding the hair cycle The hair cycle includes four ph...
read moreCanavan's disease is a gene-linked neurological disorder in which the brain degenerates into spongy tissue dotted with microscopic fluid-filled spaces. Canavan's disease is classified as one of a group of genetic conditions known as the leukodystrophies. Recent research has shown that the cells in the brain responsible for making myelin she...
read moreCancer is a term used to describe a group of diseases in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably, causing tumors to form. Cancer can develop in different parts of the body and can be benign or malignant. It is one of the most common and serious diseases worldwide. Causes of cancer There are several causes of cancer, including genetic predisposit...
read moreA cancer diagnosis is troubling at any age, but especially if the patient is a child. It is normal to have many questions such as: Who should treat my child? Will my child get better? What does all this mean for our family? Not all questions have an answer, but the information and resources on this page provide a starting point for understanding th...
read moreMost people are aware of common side effects of cancer treatment, such as nausea and hair loss. But many don't realize that most people being treated for cancer have problems in their mouth. These problems can make it difficult to eat, talk, and swallow. This can interfere with cancer treatment and reduce quality of life. Causes Head and...
read moreA cancer diagnosis is troubling at any age, but especially if the patient is a child. It is normal to have many questions such as: Who should treat my child? Will my child get better? What does all of this mean for our family? Not all questions have an answer, but the information and resources on this page provide a starting point for understanding...
read moreCancer of unknown primary (CUP) occurs when cancer cells have spread in the body and formed metastatic tumors, but the location of the primary cancer is unknown....
read moreAlso known as cardiac arrest, sudden cardiac death Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a condition in which the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating. When this happens, blood stops flowing to the brain and other vital organs. SCA usually causes death if not treated within minutes. Overview To understand SCA, it helps to understand how the heart...
read moreA cardiac arrhythmia is a condition in which the heart has an abnormal rhythm, beating too fast, too slow or irregularly. This can lead to fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness and in some cases even fainting. Below you will find information about the symptoms and treatments of cardiac arrhythmias. Symptoms of Cardiac Arrhythmia The symptoms of a...
read moreAlso known as Cardiac cath, cardiac catheterization Cardiac catheterization is a medical procedure used to diagnose and treat certain heart conditions. It allows doctors to take a close look at the heart to detect problems and perform other tests or procedures on your heart. Your doctor may recommend cardiac catheterization to determine the cause o...
read moreAlso known as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance A cardiac MRI is a painless imaging test that uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create detailed images of your heart. Cardiac MRI can provide detailed information about the type and severity of the heart disease to help your doctor decide the best way to treat hea...
read morePericardium inflammation, also known as pericarditis, is a condition in which the pericardium, a thin sac around the heart, becomes inflamed. This inflammation can be acute and short-lived, but it can also be chronic and cause long-term problems. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments of chronic pericarditis. Symptoms of chronic pe...
read moreAlso known as heart shock Cardiogenic shock is a serious condition that occurs when your heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to the brain, kidneys, and other vital organs. Cardiogenic shock is considered a medical emergency and must be treated immediately. The most common cause of cardiogenic shock is heart attack. Other health problems that ...
read moreCardioversion is called defibrillation when it is done in an emergency to prevent death from potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias that can lead to sudden cardiac arrest. Alternatively, your doctor may schedule cardioversion as a way to treat arrhythmias in the upper chambers of your heart called atrial fibrillation. If left untreated, atrial f...
read moreTooth decay (caries) is damage to a tooth that can occur when decay-causing bacteria in your mouth make acids that attack the tooth surface or enamel. This can lead to a small hole in a tooth called a cavity. If left untreated, tooth decay can cause pain, infection and even loss of teeth. People of all ages can develop tooth decay once they have te...
read moreCarotenemia is a condition in which the skin takes on an orangish color due to a high concentration of carotenoids in the blood. Carotenoids are pigments found in fruits and vegetables such as carrots, tomatoes and spinach. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments of carotenemia. Symptoms of carotenemia The main symptom of carotenemi...
read moreAlso known as carotid artery surgery Carotid endarterectomy is surgery that removes the build-up of plaque from a carotid artery in your neck. This surgery is performed to restore normal blood flow to the brain to prevent stroke if you already have symptoms of decreased blood flow. Carotid endarterectomy can also be performed preventively if a diag...
read moreCarotid artery disease is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up in the carotid arteries. You have two common carotid arteries, one on each side of your neck. They each divide into internal and external carotid arteries. The internal carotid arteries supply oxygenated blood to your brain. The external carotid arteries supply ox...
read moreAlso known as Carotid Duplex Carotid ultrasound is a painless imaging test that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of your carotid arteries. This test uses an ultrasound machine, which includes a computer, a screen, and a transducer. The transducer is a portable device that sends and receives sound waves. In conjunction ...
read moreA carpal fracture is a break in one of the bones that make up the carpal bone, also known as the carpal bones. These fractures can range in severity from minor cracks to complete fractures. The symptoms of a carpal bone fracture are discussed below, as well as possible treatments. Symptoms of a Carpal Bone Fracture The following symptoms may indica...
read moreCarpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm to the palm, is pressed or pinched against the wrist. The carpal tunnel is a narrow, rigid passageway of ligament and bones at the base of the hand that houses the median nerve and the tendons that bend the fingers. The median nerve provides sensation on the palm...
read moreCartilage malformation of the pinna, also known as pinna malformation or congenital microtia, is a common congenital abnormality in which the cartilage of the pinna is not properly developed. It can range from a slight distortion to a complete absence of the auricle. This condition can affect both the shape and function of the ear and can cause aes...
read moreCartilage disorders of the kneecap are a common problem in people of all ages. The kneecap plays an important role in bending and extending the knee, so recognizing and treating these conditions early is essential to prevent serious complications. Symptoms of cartilage disorders of the kneecap The symptoms of cartilage disorders of the kneecap can ...
read moreCartilage is a flexible structure that protects the joints and helps the joints move smoothly. Insufficient cartilage growth, also known as a cartilage defect, is a condition where the cartilage does not grow properly or becomes damaged. This can lead to pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints. The most common symptoms of insufficient cartilage ...
read moreCat scratch disease, also known as cat scratch disease (CSD), is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bartonella henselae. It is usually transmitted through scratching or bites from infected cats. While most cases of cat scratch disease are mild, some people may experience more severe symptoms. In this article, we'll discuss the symptom...
read moreAlso known as cardiac catheter ablation. Catheter ablation is a procedure that uses energy to create tiny scars in your heart tissue to prevent abnormal electrical signals from passing through your heart. Radio frequency (RF) ablation uses high-energy locally delivered RF signals to create the scars. Cryoablation uses extremely cold temperatures to...
read moreCauda equina syndrome, also known as Cauda equina syndrome, is a rare but serious condition that occurs when the nerve roots of the lower spine are compressed. This compression can lead to a loss of sensation and muscle function in the pelvic area and legs. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments of Cauda equina syndrome. Symptoms o...
read moreCauliflower ear, also known as auricular hematoma, is a condition where the outer part of the ear becomes damaged as a result of a direct blow or trauma. It can lead to a deformity of the ear that resembles a cauliflower. While not usually a serious medical condition, it can have aesthetic and functional consequences. Symptoms of cauliflower ear Sw...
read moreCavernoma is a rare condition in which small, abnormally shaped blood vessels (caverns) form in the brain or spinal cord. These abnormal blood vessels can lead to a variety of symptoms, including: Headache: Patients with a cavernoma can suffer from severe headaches that recur regularly. Seizures: Cavernomas can cause epileptic seizures, which vary ...
read moreCelery is a common herb in the kitchen and is often added to salads, soups and stews. However, for some people, celery can cause an allergic reaction. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments of celery allergy. Celery Allergy Symptoms Celery allergy symptoms can range from mild to severe. Below are some of the most common symptoms: S...
read moreCellulite is a common skin condition characterized by an orange peel appearance of the skin. It can occur on different parts of the body and have different causes. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments of cellulite. Symptoms of Cellulite The symptoms of cellulite can vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition. Some ...
read moreCentral cord syndrome is the most common form of incomplete spinal cord injury characterized by deterioration of the arms and hands and, to a lesser extent, the legs. The brain's ability to send and receive signals to and from parts of the body below the site of injury is reduced, but not completely blocked. This syndrome is associated with dam...
read moreCentral pain syndrome is a neurological condition caused by damage or dysfunction of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord. This syndrome can be caused by stroke, multiple sclerosis, tumors, epilepsy, brain or spinal cord trauma, or Parkinson's disease. The nature of the pain associated with thi...
read moreCentral pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a neurological condition that most often occurs after too rapid medical correction of sodium deficiency (hyponatraemia). The rapid rise in sodium concentration is accompanied by the movement of small molecules and draws water from brain cells. By a mechanism only partially understood, the shift of water and bra...
read moreCerebellar hypoplasia is a neurological condition in which the cerebellum is smaller than normal or not fully developed. Cerebellar hypoplasia is a hallmark of a number of congenital (present at birth) malformation syndromes, such as Walker-Warburg syndrome (a form of muscular dystrophy. It is also associated with several inherited metabolic disord...
read moreCerebellar degeneration is a process by which neurons (nerve cells) in the cerebellum - the area of the brain that controls coordination and balance - deteriorate and die. Diseases that cause cerebellar degeneration can also involve other parts of the central nervous system, including the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, cerebral cortex, and brain s...
read moreA cerebral aneurysm is a weak or thin spot on a blood vessel in the brain that pops out like a balloon and fills with blood. A cerebral aneurysm can press on a nerve or surrounding tissue in the brain and also leak or burst, releasing blood into surrounding tissues (called a bleed). Cerebral aneurysms can occur at any age, although they are more co...
read moreCerebral atrophy is a common feature of many of the diseases that affect the brain. Atrophy of any tissue means loss of cells. In brain tissue, atrophy describes a loss of neurons and the connections between them. Atrophy can be generalized, meaning the whole brain has shrunk; or it can be focal and affect only a limited area of the brain and resul...
read moreCerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions made up of clusters of tightly packed, abnormally thin-walled small blood vessels (capillaries) that displace normal neurological tissue in the brain or spinal cord. The blood vessels are filled with slow moving or stagnant blood that is usually coagulated or in a state of decomposition. ...
read moreCerebral hypoxia refers to a condition in which the oxygen supply to the brain decreases even though there is adequate blood flow. Drowning, strangulation, suffocation, suffocation, cardiac arrest, head trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, and complications from general anesthesia can create conditions that can lead to cerebral hypoxia. Symptoms of m...
read moreA cerebral infarction, also known as a stroke, occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted, causing part of the brain to not receive enough oxygen and die. In this article we discuss the symptoms and treatments of a stroke. Symptoms of a cerebral infarction The symptoms of a stroke can come on quickly and may include: A sudden change i...
read moreCerebral palsy (pronounced suh-REE-bruhl or SER-uh-bruhl PAWL-zee) describes a group of neurological disorders that start in childhood or early childhood and mainly affect exercise, but in more severe cases may also be associated with intellectual disabilities. These physical disabilities are permanent, but usually do not get worse over time. The c...
read moreCerebral arteriosclerosis results from thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries in the brain. Symptoms of cerebral arteriosclerosis are headache, facial pain and visual impairment. Cerebral arteriosclerosis can cause serious health problems. If the walls of an artery are too thick, or if a blood clot gets into the narrow passage, blood...
read moreCerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome (COFS) is a pediatric genetic degenerative disease involving the brain and spinal cord. It is characterized by craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities, severely reduced muscle tone, and decreased reflexes. Symptoms may include large, low-set ears, small eyes, microcephaly (abnormal smallness of the head), micro...
read moreCervical canal stenosis is a condition in which the cervical spinal canal (the canal formed by the vertebrae in the neck) narrows, causing compression of the nerves in the neck. This condition can lead to pain, weakness, and numbness in the arms, neck, and shoulders. The most common symptoms of cervical canal stenosis and their treatments are descr...
read moreCervical cancer is almost always caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV)....
read moreCharcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common inherited neurological disorders and almost all cases are hereditary. CMT damages the peripheral nerves of the body, preventing them from activating muscles or sending sensory information from the limbs back to the spinal cord and brain. There are several types of CMT disease, which can sh...
read moreShortness of breath is a well-known symptom in a variety of conditions and can range from mild to very severe. It can be described as the feeling of breathlessness or difficulty breathing. Shortness of breath can be caused by various factors, such as allergies, infections, asthma, COPD, pulmonary embolism and even anxiety. In this article, we discu...
read moreA thoracic tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in the chest. Fortunately, most breast cancers are benign, meaning they are not cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments for a benign breast tumor. Symptoms Most benign chest growths cause no symptoms and are often discovered by c...
read moreSmallpox, caused by the variola virus, was a highly contagious infectious disease that caused infected individuals to develop a fever and a progressive, disfiguring rash. Three out of ten people infected with smallpox died. Many survivors have permanent scars, often on their faces, or were left blind. The disease was eradicated in 1980 by vaccinati...
read more"Labor" and "childbirth" describe the process of childbirth. Contractions of the uterus and changes in the cervix (opening of the uterus) prepare a woman's body for delivery. Then the baby is born and the placenta follows. NICHD studies many aspects of labor and delivery: their basic biology, birth practices and the manageme...
read moreChlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the world. It is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis and can affect both men and women. While the disease often goes unnoticed due to mild or absent symptoms, it can lead to serious health complications if left untreated. In this article we discuss the causes, symp...
read moreChlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. It can be transmitted through unprotected sex with an infected person and can lead to serious complications if left untreated. Below are some symptoms and treatments for chlamydia. Symptoms of chlamydia Many people with chlamydia have no symptoms, but if...
read moreChocolate is a popular food enjoyed by many people. However, some people may be allergic to chocolate. Below you will find information about the symptoms and treatments of chocolate allergy. Symptoms of Chocolate Allergy The symptoms of chocolate allergy can vary depending on the severity of the allergic reaction. Some common symptoms are: Skin ras...
read moreCholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by infection of the gut with the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. There are an estimated 3-5 million cases and more than 100,000 deaths worldwide every year. The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but can sometimes be serious. About one in 10 (5 to 10 percent) infected individuals will have a serious ...
read moreCholesterol disorders are conditions caused by high levels of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a fatty substance produced by the body that is used for a variety of functions, including building cell membranes and producing hormones. Causes of cholesterol disorders Cholesterol disorders are often caused by a combination of factors, including...
read moreChorea is an abnormal involuntary movement disorder, one of a group of neurological conditions called dyskinesias caused by overactivity of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the areas of the brain that control movement. Chorea is characterized by short, irregular contractions that are not repetitive or rhythmic, but seem to flow from one muscle to a...
read moreChronic abdominal pain is a condition where a person has abdominal pain that lasts for more than three months. Below you will find more information about the symptoms of chronic abdominal pain. Persistent or recurrent abdominal pain: The pain can be mild to severe and may be constant or intermittent. Abdominal cramps: People with chronic abdominal ...
read moreChronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), also known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), is a complex and often misunderstood condition characterized by persistent fatigue that does not improve with rest and is not due to an underlying medical condition. Symptoms In addition to persistent fatigue, there are other symptoms that can occur with Chronic Fatigue S...
read moreChronic inflammation is a long-term response of the immune system to tissue damage, infections or other external stimuli. While inflammation is a normal response of the body to repair damage, chronic inflammation can lead to ongoing health problems. In this article, we discuss the symptoms of chronic inflammation and possible treatments. Symptoms o...
read moreChronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a neurological condition characterized by progressive weakness and decreased sensory function in the legs and arms. The condition, sometimes called chronic recurrent polyneuropathy, is caused by damage to the myelin sheath (the fatty layer that wraps around and protects nerve fibers) of th...
read moreChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is characterized by the abnormal growth and accumulation of malignant lymphocytes. It is important to recognize the symptoms of CLL and understand what treatments are available to manage the disease. Symptoms of CLL Fatigue: Unexplained and persistent fatigue ...
read moreChronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow cells. Below you will find more information about the symptoms of CML. Fatigue: People with CML may feel tired and easily get out of breath. Pain or tenderness in the stomach area: This can be caused by an enlarged spleen or liver. Weight loss: People with CML m...
read moreWhile acute pain is a normal feeling triggered in the nervous system to alert you to potential injury and the need to take care of yourself, chronic pain is different. Chronic pain persists. Pain signals keep firing into the nervous system for weeks, months, or even years. There may have been an accident initially - spine, serious infection, or the...
read moreCerebral visual impairment (also called cortical visual impairment or CVI) is a condition caused by damage to the parts of the brain that process vision. It is most common in infants and young children, but can continue into adulthood. A child with CVI has vision problems caused by the brain that cannot be explained by a problem with their eyes. N...
read moreChronotropic incompetence is a condition that affects heart rhythm and can lead to serious health problems. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments of chronotropic incompetence. Symptoms of Chronotropic Incompetence Palpitations: Irregular heartbeats, rapid heartbeat, or a feeling of heart skips can be symptoms of chronotropic incom...
read moreAlso known as sleep-wake cycle disorders Circadian rhythm disturbances are problems that occur when your sleep-wake cycle is not well adapted to your environment and interferes with your daily activities. You have a biological clock that controls the timing of various activities and functions of your body, including when you go to sleep and wake up...
read moreA circulatory disorder of the gut, also known as intestinal ischemia, occurs when blood flow to the intestines is obstructed or reduced. This can lead to serious complications and must be treated quickly. Understanding the symptoms and treatment options is crucial to effectively managing this condition. Symptoms of circulatory disorder of the intes...
read moreCleft lip with or without cleft palate is one of the most common birth defects. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that in the United States: About 1 in 1,600 babies are born with a cleft lip and cleft palate About 1 in 2,800 babies is born with cleft lip without cleft palate About 1 in 1,700 babies is born with cleft pal...
read moreClogged arteries, also known as arterial obstruction, occur when blood flow through the arteries is obstructed. This can lead to serious health problems and requires timely treatment. It is important to recognize the symptoms of clogged arteries and understand the treatment options available to restore blood flow. Symptoms of Clogged Blood Vessels ...
read moreFoot drop, also known as foot lifter's palsy, is a condition in which a person has difficulty lifting his or her foot while walking, causing the foot to drop or "pop" to the floor. It can have different causes and can limit mobility. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and possible treatments for foot drop. Symptoms of Foot Drop ...
read moreCluster headache, also known as "suicide headache," is a serious neurological disorder characterized by intense, stabbing pain on one side of the head. The condition is relatively rare, affecting about 1 in 1,000 people. It is one of the most painful conditions a human can experience and can greatly affect the patient's quality of lif...
read moreCocaine is a powerful stimulant drug that can provide a feeling of euphoria, energy and self-confidence in the short term. However, long-term use of cocaine can lead to serious addiction and various health problems. People who use cocaine can quickly become addicted to the drug because of the intense experience it produces. Causes of cocaine addict...
read moreA cochlear implant is a small, complex electronic device that can help provide a sense of sound to a person who is severely deaf or severely hard of hearing. The implant consists of an external part that is behind the ear and a second part that is surgically placed under the skin (see picture). An implant has the following parts: A microphone that ...
read moreCocoa allergy is a rarer food allergy in which the body's immune system reacts abnormally to the proteins in cocoa, the main ingredient of chocolate. Although cocoa allergy is less common than other food allergies, it can still cause significant discomfort and symptoms. This article discusses the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of a ...
read moreCoffin-Lowry syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by craniofacial (head and face) and skeletal abnormalities, delayed intellectual development, short stature and hypotonia. Characteristic facial features include an underdeveloped maxillary bone (maxillary hypoplasia), a wide nose, protruding nostrils (nostrils), an abnormally prominent...
read moreCognitive aging is a natural process in which our cognitive abilities, such as memory, information processing speed, and problem-solving ability, decline as we age. While cognitive aging is a normal part of aging, it can impact our daily functioning and quality of life. In this article, we'll look at the different aspects of cognitive aging, ho...
read moreThe common cold is a common viral infection of the nose and throat. It can be caused by different types of viruses and is usually transmitted through direct contact with infected persons or surfaces. Symptoms of a cold The symptoms of a cold can vary depending on the person and the type of virus causing the infection. Common symptoms include sneezi...
read moreColds are a common ailment in babies and young children. It is usually caused by a virus that affects the upper respiratory tract. While the common cold is usually mild, it can cause discomfort and irritation in babies. In this article, we discuss the symptoms of a cold in babies and possible treatments. Symptoms of Cold in Babies Runny Nose: Babie...
read moreA cold sore, also called herpes labialis, is a common viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. The virus causes small, painful blisters on or around the lips. Below are some symptoms and treatments for a cold sore. Symptoms of a cold sore The symptoms of a cold sore can vary, but may include: Small, red or white blisters on or around the...
read moreColic refers to sudden, intense pain in the abdomen, often caused by contractions of the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. It can have different causes and can vary in severity and duration. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments of colic. Symptoms of colic The symptoms of colic can vary depending on the cause and severity of ...
read moreAlso known as collapsed lung Atelectasis is a condition in which the airways and air sacs in the lung collapse or do not expand properly. Atelectasis can occur when there is an airway blockage, when pressure outside the lung prevents it from expanding, or when there is not enough surfactant for the lung to expand normally. If your lungs don't f...
read moreDriving involves risks for any driver. But for teens, motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death. Since teens and other inexperienced drivers are still developing their sanity behind the wheel, they are especially likely to risk driving. The NICHD is committed to researching driving risks and ways to effectively limit the exposure of in...
read moreColoboma comes from a Greek word meaning "curtailed". It is used to describe conditions where normal tissue in or around the eye is missing from birth. To understand coloboma, it is helpful to be familiar with the normal structure and appearance of the eye, and the terms related to the different parts of the eye. What are the different t...
read moreColorectal cancer often starts as a growth called a polyp in the colon or rectum. Finding and removing polyps can prevent colorectal cancer....
read moreColon cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the large or small intestine. It is a serious condition that requires early detection and treatment. Causes of colon cancer The exact cause of colon cancer is unknown, but there are several risk factors that increase the risk of developing colon cancer. This includes having a family history of colon c...
read moreColon polyps are growths on the lining of your colon and rectum. You can have more than one colon polyp. Are colon polyps cancerous? Colon and rectal cancer - also called colorectal cancer NIH external link - usually starts as polyps. Most polyps are not cancerous, but some can become cancerous over time. Removing polyps can help prevent colon canc...
read moreIf you have color blindness, it means that you see colors differently from most people. Usually color blindness makes it difficult to tell the difference between certain colors. Most of the time, color blindness runs in families. There is no cure, but special glasses and contact lenses can help. Most people who are color blind can adapt and have n...
read moreColpocephaly is a congenital brain defect in which the occipital horns - the posterior or posterior part of the lateral ventricles (cavities) of the brain - are larger than normal because the white matter in the posterior cerebrum has not developed or has become thicker. Colpocephaly, one of a group of structural brain disorders known as main disor...
read moreA coma, also called a persistent vegetative state, is a deep or deep state of unconsciousness. Persistent vegetative state is not brain death. A person is living in a coma, but cannot move or react to his or her environment. Coma can occur as a complication of an underlying disease, or as a result of injuries, such as head trauma. Individuals in su...
read moreComplex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a condition characterized by severe, long-lasting chronic pain (longer than six months) that can be constant. Symptoms vary in intensity and duration. Some people describe it as a burning sensation, a pinprick sensation, or as if an arm or leg is being pinched. The pain can spread all over the arm or leg, ev...
read moreA concentration disorder can lead to problems with the ability to pay attention to tasks and information. This can affect daily activities and functioning. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments of attention deficit disorder. Symptoms of a concentration disorder The symptoms of an attention disorder can vary depending on the cause ...
read moreA concussion, also known as mild concussion, is a common type of brain injury. It is often caused by a blow or bump to the head, for example in a sports accident, a fall or a car accident. Concussions can lead to temporary changes in brain function and can have serious consequences if not treated properly. Symptoms of a concussion The symptoms of a...
read moreA congenital diaphragmatic hernia, also known as a congenital diaphragmatic hernia, is a condition in which there is an opening or weakness in the diaphragm, the muscle tissue that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. This condition can cause a variety of symptoms and often requires medical intervention. It is important to recogniz...
read moreMD refers to a group of more than 30 genetic diseases characterized by muscle weakness and loss, leading to decreased motor function and coordination. MD progresses or gets worse over time. Some forms of MD appear in childhood or childhood, while others may not appear until adulthood or middle age. NICHD is working with other federal agencies and N...
read moreMyopathy is a muscle condition that usually results in weakness. Congenital myopathy refers to a group of muscle disorders that occur at birth or in childhood. Typically, a baby with congenital myopathy will be "floppy", have difficulty breathing or eating, and lag other babies in achieving normal developmental milestones, such as turning...
read morePachyonychia congenita is a very rare genetic condition that mainly affects the skin and nails. The disorder is usually seen from birth or early in life, and affects people of both sexes and all racial and ethnic groups. What happens with pachyonychia congenita? Pachyonychia congenita causes overgrowth of the nails and thick, painful calluses on th...
read moreConnective tissue inflammation, also known as scleritis, is a condition in which the connective tissue of the eye becomes inflamed. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments of connective tissue inflammation in the eye. Symptoms of connective tissue inflammation in the eye The symptoms of connective tissue inflammation in the eye incl...
read moreConstipation, also known as constipation, is a common condition where the intestines have difficulty emptying stool regularly. It can lead to discomfort, pain and irregular bowel movements. In this article, we will discuss the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments of constipation. Causes of constipation Constipation can have several causes, i...
read moreAtopic eczema, also known as atopic eczema, is a chronic skin condition characterized by dry, itchy and inflamed skin. It can occur at any age, but is most common in children. While there is no cure for atopic eczema, there are treatments that can help reduce symptoms and lower the risk of recurring outbreaks. Symptoms of atopic eczema The symptoms...
read moreVocal cord contact ulcers, also known as contact ulcers or vocal cord ulcers, are small sores or damage to the vocal cords resulting from excessive vocal use, abuse of the voice, or irritation of the vocal cords. It can lead to a variety of symptoms and requires appropriate treatment options to promote healing and restore voice health. Symptoms of ...
read moreContractions are contractions of the uterus that occur during childbirth. They play an essential role in promoting the birth of the baby. It is important to recognize the symptoms of labor and understand what treatments are available to manage labour. Symptoms of Contractions Contractions: Regular uterine contractions are the main symptom of contra...
read moreConvergence insufficiency (CI) is a condition in which a person's eyes tend to drift outward when looking at objects at close distances, and their ability to converge (turn the eyes towards each other) is insufficient . People with CI can develop symptoms when they try to perform near-based activities, such as reading, working on a computer or...
read moreAlso known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a progressive disease that makes breathing difficult. Progressive means that the disease gets worse over time. COPD can cause a cough producing large amounts of a mucous substance, mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, ...
read moreA corn, also called corn, is a painful thickening of the skin that usually occurs on the feet or toes. It is caused by repeated rubbing or pressure on a specific area of the skin. In this article we discuss the symptoms of a corn and possible treatments. Symptoms of Corn Pain and discomfort: A corn can be painful, especially when pressure is applie...
read moreCorneal damage, also known as corneal damage, occurs when the outer layer of the eye, the cornea, becomes damaged. This can be caused by injury, infection, or other conditions. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments of corneal damage. Symptoms of Corneal Damage The symptoms of corneal damage can vary depending on the cause and seve...
read moreThe cornea is the clear, outermost layer on the front of the eye. The cornea helps your eye focus the light so you can see clearly. What are the main types of corneal disease? There are several common conditions that affect the cornea . Injuries . Small abrasions (scratches) on the cornea usually heal on their own. Deeper scratches or other injuri...
read moreCoronary angiography is a procedure that uses contrast dye, which usually contains iodine, and X-rays to look for blockages in the coronary arteries caused by plaque build-up. Blockages prevent your heart from getting oxygen and important nutrients. This procedure is used to diagnose ischemic heart disease after chest pain, sudden cardiac arrest, o...
read moreAlso known as coronary artery disease, coronary microvascular disease, coronary syndrome X, ischemic heart disease, non-obstructive coronary artery disease, obstructive coronary artery disease Heart disease is a collective term for a variety of conditions that affect the structure and function of the heart. Coronary artery disease is a type of hear...
read moreAlso known as Heart Bypass Surgery Coronary bypass graft (CABG) is a procedure to improve poor blood flow to the heart. It may be necessary when the arteries that supply blood to the heart tissue, called coronary arteries, are narrowed or blocked. This surgery can lower the risk of serious complications for people with obstructive coronary artery d...
read moreAlso known as Calcium Scan Test A coronary calcium scan is a CT scan of your heart that detects and measures the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries. Calcium build-up or calcifications are a sign of atherosclerosis or ischemic heart disease. A coronary calcium scan can be performed in a medical imaging facility or in a hospital...
read moreCoronary Microvascular Dysfunction (CMD) is a condition where there are problems with the small blood vessels in the heart. While the large coronary arteries may appear normal, the microvessels are not functioning as they should. This can lead to limited blood flow to the heart and symptoms of heart disease. In this article, we'll discuss the s...
read moreThe coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It was first discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has since spread around the world. It has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The coronavirus spreads through droplets released when an infected person coughs or...
read moreRett syndrome is a neurological and genetic developmental disorder that mainly affects women. Babies with Rett syndrome appear to grow and develop normally at first, but then they stop developing and even lose skills at various stages of the disease throughout their lives. The NICHD has supported and continues to support research on Rett syndrome f...
read moreCorticobasal degeneration is a progressive neurological condition characterized by loss of nerve cells and atrophy (shrinkage) of multiple areas of the brain, including the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. Corticobasal degeneration is gradual. The first symptoms, usually starting at or around age 60, may first appear on one side of the body (unil...
read moreA cough is your body's natural reflex to clear irritants from your airways and prevent infection. Common irritants are smoke, mucus, or allergens such as pollen, mold, or dust. Some medical conditions or drugs irritate the nerve endings in your airways and cause a cough. A cough can be acute, subacute, or chronic, depending on how long it lasts...
read moreCoronaviruses are a large family of viruses that usually cause mild to moderate upper respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold. However, three new coronaviruses have emerged from animal reservoirs in the past two decades, causing serious and widespread illness and death. There are hundreds of coronaviruses, most of which circulate among anima...
read moreOn this page you can find how to recognize, prevent and treat COVID-19 (Corona). Introduction A new coronavirus, also known as SARS-CoV-2, started in December 2019 in the Wuhan region of China. This virus can cause the disease COVID-19. Useful information: Symptoms COVID-19 COVID-19 treatments Treatments Corona (genera...
read moreCow's milk allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in cow's milk. It is one of the most common allergies in infants and young children, although it can also occur in adults. Cow's milk allergy can lead to a variety of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Symptoms of cow's milk allergy Cow's milk allergy symptoms can r...
read moreAlso known as continuous positive airway pressure CPAP is a treatment that uses mild air pressure to keep your airways open. This involves using a CPAP machine with a mask or other device that fits over your nose or nose and mouth, straps to position the mask, a tube connecting the mask to the machine's motor, and a motor that releases air. blo...
read moreNipple fissures are cracks or wounds that occur in the skin of the nipple and areola. It is common in breastfeeding women, but it can occur from other causes as well. It can be very painful and it can make breastfeeding difficult. Cracked nipples can also bleed and become infected if not treated properly. Symptoms of cracked nipples The main sympto...
read moreA craniopharyngeoma is a rare benign or malignant tumor that develops near the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain. Although this tumor is rarely malignant, it can lead to serious complications if not treated in time. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments of a craniopharyngeoma. Symptoms of a craniopharyngeoma ...
read moreCraniosynostosis is a birth defect of the skull characterized by the premature closure of one or more of the fibrous joints between the bones of the skull (called the cranial sutures) before brain growth is complete. Closure of a single suture is most common. Normally the skull expands evenly to accommodate brain growth; premature closure of a sing...
read moreCreutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, degenerative, fatal brain disease. Symptoms usually start around the age of 60. There are three main categories of CJD: sporadic (the most common form, where people have no known risk factors for the disease); hereditary (where the person has a relative with the disease and tests positive for a genetic mut...
read moreCrohn's disease is a chronic disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract. Most of the time, Crohn's affects your small intestine and the beginning of your colon. However, the disease can affect any part of your digestive tract, from your mouth to your anus. Learn about your digestive system and how it works. Croh...
read moreA torn cruciate ligament is a common injury, especially in people who play a lot of sports. It can cause severe pain and limitations in movement. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments for a torn cruciate ligament. Symptoms of a torn cruciate ligament The symptoms of a torn cruciate ligament can vary depending on the severity of th...
read moreAlso called chest CT , X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT x) , computed axial tomography scan (CAT scan) A chest CT scan is a more detailed type of chest X-ray. This painless imaging test takes many detailed pictures, called slices, of your lungs and the inside of your chest. Computers can combine these images to create three-dimensional (3D) models to ...
read moreCubital tunnel syndrome, also known as RSI, is a condition in which the nerve that runs from the neck to the hand becomes compressed in the elbow. This can lead to pain, tingling, numbness and weakness in the hand and fingers. Cubital tunnel syndrome is common in people who bend their elbows for long periods of time and can lead to long-term damage...
read moreCushing's syndrome (also called hypercortisolism) is a condition that occurs when a person's body is exposed to too much of the hormone cortisol or a drug similar to cortisol for too long. The syndrome is usually caused by taking certain drugs that mimic cortisol. Other causes include tumors that cause the body to make excess cortisol. Cus...
read moreCuticle infection, also known as paronychia, is an inflammation of the tissue around the nail. It can be caused by a bacterial or fungal infection, or by nail bed irritation. The inflammation can be mild to severe and can lead to pain, redness, swelling, and pus. The most common symptoms of a cuticle infection and the treatments for it are describe...
read moreA breast cyst is a common benign lump that is filled with fluid. They can occur in women at any age and may feel like a lump in the breast. In this article, we will discuss the symptoms and treatments of breast cysts. Symptoms Cysts in the breast can manifest themselves in different ways. Here are a few common symptoms: A palpable lump in the breas...
read moreA cyst, also known as a pilonidal cyst, is an abnormal sac-like structure that develops under the skin. It can lead to a variety of symptoms, including: Pain and discomfort: A cyst can be painful, especially if it becomes inflamed. It can also cause discomfort when moving or sitting. Redness and swelling: Inflammation of the cyst can lead to rednes...
read moreAlso known as CF Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic condition that affects a protein in the body. People with cystic fibrosis have a faulty protein that attacks the body's cells, tissues, and the glands that produce mucus and sweat. Mucus is normally smooth and protects the lining of the airways, digestive tract and other organs and tissues. Peo...
read moreBladder infection, also called cystitis, is a common infection of the urinary tract. It is caused by bacteria that enter the bladder and multiply. Cystitis is more common in women than in men, but it can affect anyone. In this article we discuss the causes, symptoms and treatment of cystitis. Causes of cystitis Cystitis is caused by bacteria that e...
read moreA cyst is an abnormal sac-shaped cavity filled with fluid, gas, or a semi-solid substance that can form in different parts of the body. Cysts can be large or small and can range from completely painless to painful and uncomfortable. In this article, we will discuss the symptoms and treatments of ovarian cysts. Symptoms of Cysts The symptoms of cyst...
read moreSimple kidney cysts are fluid-filled sacs or cysts that can form in one or both kidneys. You can have only one cyst or you can have many. Simple kidney cysts are usually round or oval in shape. They can range from the size of a pea to the size of a golf ball. Simple kidney cysts are usually harmless. Simple kidney cysts do not enlarge the kidneys, ...
read moreThe cytomegaly infection, also known as CMV infection, is a common viral infection caused by the cytomegalovirus. This infection can affect people of all ages, but is most common in young children and people with weakened immune systems, such as transplant recipients or people living with HIV. In this article, we discuss the symptoms and treatments...
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